out. Romans 4:22 concludes, “Therefore it was reckoned to him as righteousness.” This portrayal of Abraham as recipient of divine promise differs from the Jewish portrayal of Abraham as one who carries out the commandments78 (m. Ned. 3:11) and obeys the commandments of God (CD 3:2–4) for his justification. With Paul, Abraham is justified simply at the point at which he trusted the promise, before he had obeyed any of the commandments.79 In this sense, we can see Paul’s reinterpretation of the whole
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